The Political Community in Guatemala Essay -- essays research papers

The Political CommunityThe social apartheid that exist in Guatemala separates Guatemala into two places and does not allow the agricultural to be united, both democratically socially. The native population is separated from opportunities. Without the minimal conditions, necessary for citizens to exercise their rights in practice there is not citizenship and therefore no true democracy. New democratic institutions must both address the anxiety existing among Ladinos and prove to be responsive to a sizeable segment of the national community that has previously been excluded based on language and ethnicity. Authoritarian regimes which retain considerable power and the democratic transition is never fully consolidated, stable, or lasting. Dealing not only with the elimination of forces control, but also addressing the countrys historical problems, including massive social inequalities. More than half of Guatemalans atomic number 18 descendants of indigenous Mayan peoples. Westerniz ed Mayans and mestizos (mixed European and indigenous ancestry) are known as Ladinos. Most of Guatemalas population is rural, though urbanization is accelerating. Although the official language is Spanish, it is not universally understood among the indigenous population. According to the World Bank, Guatemala is the country with the second-greatest income disparity between rich and poor in Latin America, behind Brazil. On which sides of that divide Guatemalans sit depends largely on whether they are Indian...

Shockwave Rider :: essays research papers

There are numerous books on the science fictionmarket, that aim with the myriad of possibilitiesinvolving the technology of the future. John Brunnersbook, Shockwave Rider, is unmatched of the most popular, aswell as one of the most famous, books dealing with thisissue. Brunner presents many different realities to thereader, and they are all potentially very realistic interms of the current state of technology. For the mostpart, Brunner seems to illustrate that technology, as itrelates to the world wide datanet, is a good thing. Thisis not to say that he does not illustrate it as a verynegative reality in the world he presents to the reader,but he does indicate that the world wide datanet andtechnology has immense potential to make the world a betterplace for all concerned.In Brunners book we have a reality that isincredibly tense, and almost credible today. The spacethat the author deals with is filled with endless bits ofinformation (information overload to be more precise),co rporate domination, and it appears, just like manyscience fiction books that deal with the planet earth inthe future, everything is known about everyone. there areno secrets from the system. Brunner illustrates this as areality that is not necessarily very desirable. He plantsa character, Nickie Haflinger, onto the scene. As withmany books we can look at this character and see theauthor within. Haflinger is a prodigy whose talents allowhim to switch identities with a childly phone call. By theadvanced technology and the ingenuity that is completelyHaflingers, we see that the author is not one to becontent with the realities that may be a possibility inthe future of technology.Brunner clearly illustrates, by the previousdescription of Haflinger, that technology and the advanceswithin that field, are incredibly beneficial, or they canbe. but he is clearly unhappy with the way things haveturned out due to the controlling nature of thegovernments. This is further illustrated in the fac t thatBrunners hero is a preteen man who is bent on changing theworld. He struggles to evade the officials and uses allskills available to him, whether inherent skills ortechnological ones, to the best of his ability, to put anend to the vilification of power that is so much a part of hisworld which involves the entity of the world wide datanet.Perhaps, one of the most insightful parts of the bookcomes in the starting signal half, when Haflinger is experiencingflashbacks due to interrogations. It is in these sectionsthat we see the inner mind of Brunner as he deflty

Market Research :: Business and Management Studies

foodstuff ResearchFinding out about what consumers want and need, and what makes thembuy, is called MARKET RESEARCH.Market research is the process of gaining information about customers,competitors and market trends through and through collecting primary and secondarydata.Why Research the Market?Businesses that are product oriented risk spending large amounts ofmoney launching a product, which could be a failure.Research the market helps reduce this risk.It focuses research and design effort onto products, which provoke achance of success in the market place.When the product is launched, a carefully researched product standsless chance of failing.Market research attempts to find the answers to questions a businessmight have about its market.This information is collected via desk research and field research.The information is then collected and analysed. The business thendecides about what to do in the light of the information formed.Desk ResearchDESK RESEARCH involves the use of SE CONDARY DATA. This is informationthat is available, both within and outside the businessInternal Sources is such as sales invoices, reports and accounts.Government is published statistics, such as consumer spending figuresreports such as Monopolies and Mergers Commission Reports.The Media is reports in newspapers, magazines, on radio and ontelevision.Trade Associations is statistics or reports published by nationalorganizations such as the TUC, the CBI or chambers of commerce, orindustry associations such as the Engineering Employers Federation orthe topic Farmers Union.Research Organisations is reports prepared by specialist marketresearch organizations such as Mintel or Mori articles published inacademic journals such as university journals. expanse ResearchFIELD RESEARCH involves the collection of PRIMARY DATA is informationwhich no one has yet collected.It is collected for the particular piece of research through directinvestigation, that is, observation, survey and experiment.

Comparison of the Transformation of Characters in Gullivers Travels and

The Transformation of Characters in Gullivers Travels and Robinson Crusoe The characters in Gullivers Travels and Robinson Crusoe be portrayed as resembling trained soldiers, being cap equal to(p) of clear thought during tense and troubled times. This quality possessed within Robinson Crusoe and Gulliver is a result of the authors stress and knowledge. Daniel Defoe was knowledgeable and dependable in seamanship, he understood the workings of a ship and the skills required for its operation. Daniel Defoe, an intelligent man who is knowledgeable in self self-renunciation and military tactics, which is reflected in the actions of Robinson Crusoe who insists on always one step ahead of his opponent, wether it be an enemy, nature or himself. Robinson Crusoe is the know all, does all type of person. He becomes disjunct on a desolate island and does what constantly is necessary to survive. After being on the island for several years Crusoe learns to adapt to his surroundings (an impor tant feature in becoming a good soldier) and lives with what he has.In the 17th century, the Catholic reform was sweeping through many parts of Europe. The period from 1600 to about 1750 is cognise as the baroque Era. Throughout this period the Catholic Church was fighting back against the effects of the Renaissance. The people of the Renaissance society started to question their beliefs in the church and tried to rationally explain the world around them. Several crusades were fought throughout this period and in the end England and France became Christianized. Robinson Crusoe was published during the Baroque Era and it contained a vast amount of Catholicism. Crusoe becomes a good Christian during his lonely stay on the deserted island and converts his companion F... ... an attorney, a traitor, or the like this is all according to the overdue course of things unless when I behold a lump of deformity and diseases, both in body and mind, smitten with pride, it im-mediatly break s all the measures of my patience neither shall I be ever able to comprehend how such an animal and such a vice could tally together. (Jonathan Swift, Gullivers Travels) Both Gulliver and Robinson are changing characters. At introductory they could not slang the hidden details of life. But through solitude, trauma, conquest and failure have allowed both characters to realize the achievements, failures, and stupidity of man kind. Being able to rationalize from inhabit and calculation is a quality of a soldier.Works CitedDefoe, Daniel. Robinson Crusoe. New York Bantam Books, 1991 (Defoe)Swift, Jonathan. Gullivers Travels. Oxford Basil Blackwell, 1959 Comparison of the Transformation of Characters in Gullivers Travels andThe Transformation of Characters in Gullivers Travels and Robinson Crusoe The characters in Gullivers Travels and Robinson Crusoe are portrayed as resembling trained soldiers, being capable of clear thought during tense and troubled times. This quali ty possessed within Robinson Crusoe and Gulliver is a result of the authors background and knowledge. Daniel Defoe was knowledgeable and proficient in seamanship, he understood the workings of a ship and the skills required for its operation. Daniel Defoe, an intelligent man who is knowledgeable in self defense and military tactics, which is reflected in the actions of Robinson Crusoe who insists on always one step ahead of his opponent, wether it be an enemy, nature or himself. Robinson Crusoe is the know all, does all type of person. He becomes stranded on a desolate island and does whatever is necessary to survive. After being on the island for several years Crusoe learns to adapt to his surroundings (an important feature in becoming a good soldier) and lives with what he has.In the 17th century, the Catholic reform was sweeping through many parts of Europe. The period from 1600 to about 1750 is known as the Baroque Era. Throughout this period the Catholic Church was fighting bac k against the effects of the Renaissance. The people of the Renaissance society started to question their beliefs in the church and tried to rationally explain the world around them. Several crusades were fought throughout this period and in the end England and France became Christianized. Robinson Crusoe was published during the Baroque Era and it contained a great amount of Catholicism. Crusoe becomes a good Christian during his lonely stay on the deserted island and converts his companion F... ... an attorney, a traitor, or the like this is all according to the due course of things but when I behold a lump of deformity and diseases, both in body and mind, smitten with pride, it im-mediatly breaks all the measures of my patience neither shall I be ever able to comprehend how such an animal and such a vice could tally together. (Jonathan Swift, Gullivers Travels) Both Gulliver and Robinson are changing characters. At first they could not see the hidden details of life. But through solitude, trauma, conquest and failure have allowed both characters to realize the achievements, failures, and stupidity of man kind. Being able to rationalize from experience and calculation is a quality of a soldier.Works CitedDefoe, Daniel. Robinson Crusoe. New York Bantam Books, 1991 (Defoe)Swift, Jonathan. Gullivers Travels. Oxford Basil Blackwell, 1959

Harmony and Howling †African and European Roots of Jamaican Music Essa

Harmony and Howling African and European Roots of Jamaican MusicEnglish colonial rule began in Jamaica in the year 1655. The growth of a plantation culture in the West Indies quickly changed the need for labor in the area. Between 1700 and 1786, more than 600,000 African slaves were brought to Jamaica. These slaves were required to work for their English colonial masters who would purchase them from slave changers at various ports around the island.Slaves were abducted from various regions of Africa, and brought over to the New World in large boats, packed to the teeth with the Africans. The slave trade over the Atlantic served as a connection between the West Indies- islands in the Caribbean, and what was to become the coupled states. In fact there was a large amount of interchange of slaves between these two regions. Therefore, an American reader with an understanding of the Atlantic slave trade in his own history will have some sort of an understanding of how this system worked . Slavery was not a system designed to accomidate freewill. Slaves were literally kidnapped from Africa, and as soon as they were in custody of slave traders they were assigned a slavish position under the white and Arabian merchants. When the slaves entered the New World, they remained in this submissive role and were forced into labor. Any freewill was instantly compromised the moment a shackle was placed around the limb of an African.European, Spanish, and Arab slave traders did not oddly like the Africans who were volunteered into slavery. Their actions, which were considered ugly and unacceptable reinforced their submissive position under the Europeans. An lesson of this kind of thought is the practice some African people had of plectrum lice off their heads, with their fingers, putting them in their mouth and eating them. According to this slave trader, monkeys had a parallel custom. Observations such as these reinforced the stereotype of slaves being monkeys. This is an e xample of how blacks, in a white mind, could descend to the level of an animal. Today we have a term for this Ethnocentrism, save in the days of slavery this European military position drawn from their own culture only served to further compromise the dignity of the Africans in the slave trade. This degrading view of Africans also made the moral flavor of slavery easier to digest. The E... ...ngs that created Reggae music. This music came out of a struggle between black and white, and the return to Africa reinforces the black nature of the music, almost subjecting the European tradition to a submissive role. In this respect Reggae music is a response to the European traditions that were inflicted onto black slaves in Colonial times in an unjust manner. ListenThe exploitation and last liberation of the Jamaican people have produced a very unique social condition. Reggae music is an optimistic answer to the history of oppression that draws upon the past, and uses it as a resource . In order for there to be a good future, the past must be considered and accepted. There is no way to right the wrongs of Jamaican history, but there is a way to promote awareness of these wrongs.The harmony that hold ups in reggae music between African and European tradition is a symbol for how it should follow in the world, and perhaps it is a map of how to get there. If two different combating traditions can exist in one music, then it is very possible for them to exist in every other facet of our society. Is this possible? What one person considers a howl is anothers harmony.

Harmony and Howling †African and European Roots of Jamaican Music Essa

Harmony and Howling African and European Roots of Jamaican MusicEnglish colonial rule began in Jamaica in the year 1655. The growth of a plantation culture in the West Indies quickly changed the need for labor in the area. Between 1700 and 1786, more than 600,000 African slaves were brought to Jamaica. These slaves were required to work for their English colonial masters who would purchase them from slave takers at various ports around the island.Slaves were abducted from various regions of Africa, and brought over to the New World in large boats, packed to the teeth with the Africans. The slave trade over the Atlantic served as a connection between the West Indies- islands in the Caribbean, and what was to become the fall in states. In fact there was a large amount of interchange of slaves between these two regions. Therefore, an American reader with an understanding of the Atlantic slave trade in his own history will have some sort of an understanding of how this system worked. Slavery was not a system designed to accomidate freewill. Slaves were literally kidnapped from Africa, and as soon as they were in custody of slave traders they were assigned a bowed position under the white and Arabian merchants. When the slaves entered the New World, they remained in this submissive role and were forced into labor. Any freewill was instantly compromised the moment a shackle was placed around the limb of an African.European, Spanish, and Arab slave traders did not especially like the Africans who were volunteered into slavery. Their actions, which were considered ugly and unacceptable reinforced their submissive position under the Europeans. An pillowcase of this kind of thought is the practice some African people had of plectron lice off their heads, with their fingers, putting them in their mouth and eating them. According to this slave trader, monkeys had a parallel custom. Observations such as these reinforced the stereotype of slaves being monkeys. This is a n example of how blacks, in a white mind, could descend to the level of an animal. Today we have a term for this Ethnocentrism, just now in the days of slavery this European visual sense drawn from their own culture only served to further compromise the dignity of the Africans in the slave trade. This degrading view of Africans also made the moral scene of slavery easier to digest. The E... ...ngs that created Reggae music. This music came out of a struggle between black and white, and the return to Africa reinforces the black nature of the music, almost subjecting the European tradition to a submissive role. In this respect Reggae music is a response to the European traditions that were inflicted onto black slaves in Colonial times in an unjust manner. ListenThe exploitation and at last liberation of the Jamaican people have produced a very unique social condition. Reggae music is an optimistic answer to the history of oppression that draws upon the past, and uses it as a reso urce. In order for there to be a good future, the past must be considered and accepted. There is no way to right the wrongs of Jamaican history, but there is a way to promote awareness of these wrongs.The harmony that gos in reggae music between African and European tradition is a symbol for how it should populate in the world, and perhaps it is a map of how to get there. If two different combating traditions can exist in one music, then it is very possible for them to exist in every other facet of our society. Is this possible? What one person considers a howl is anothers harmony.

The R-word and Racist Native American Sports Team Logos Essay

Racial epithets need long existed and plagued our rules of order, indigen Americans byout the country consider the R-word a racial, derogatory speckle along the same lines of other hurtful, slanderous, and offensive ethnic insults including the N-word among African-Americans, the K-word for the Jewish and the W-word amongst Latinos. Above all, the portrayal of unimaginative Indian images is common in American popular market-gardening (i.e. Jeep Cherokee, Land OLakes butter). Moreoer, the use of Indian give-and-take or mascots at both the professional and high school level in sports has last increasingly controversial. Thus, the removal of subjective American mascots from sports teams is necessary to fight the injustice of the negative con nonations and stereotypes that ar typical in the depiction of Indians. Our society must(prenominal) render aw ar of how very racia tendency the word ceriseskin is and how very derogatory the portrayal of the intrinsic American is in s o many another(prenominal) commercial and sporting events.Interestingly, Merriam-Websters definition defines Redskin as a very offensive slang used as a disparage term for a primal American and should be avoided. The fact that many Americans atomic number 18 not a state of wargon of the definition of the term redskin or are blind to see into believe that this term means strong, brave, and courageous gives them a false sense of understanding to the true testament of the word redskin that is heavily interpret and overlooked in todays society. First, by considering the term Redskin has for centuries been used to belittle and humiliate an entire people. The meaning originated in colonial times when traders and local presidential term paid for skins. There was a certain price paid for various animal skins. On that list was the term Red-skin, which referred to bloody scalps of American Indians resulting from a inherent American crossing the path of a bounty hunter.Most of the affe cted tribes were Penobscots, Passamaquoddy, Wampanoag, Mashpee Wampanoag and others along the New England coastal line. The reason they were paid for these scalps, the colonists were working to remove the American Indian presence and take over their land. come alongmore, the original name was a European one used to describe Algonquins who painted their face with bright red ocher and bloodroot, consequently making theirface red with war paint. In addition, red is the most common color used by Native Americans in painting their skin. According to Dress Clothing of the Plains Indians by Ronal P. Koch, Red is generally accepted as being one of the colors most easily lendable to and most used by Indians for decorative and ceremonial purposes.In recent developments, the Non-Disparagement of Native American Persons or Peoples in Trademark Registration Act of 2013 (H.R. 1278) introduced by U.S. Congressman Eni Faleomavaega of the Territory of American Samoa states that this bill would req uire cancellation of existing trademark registrations for trademarks using the term redskin in reference to Native Americans. It would also abjure registration for new trademarks so using the term redskin would be deemed improper, the bill has begun to pick up steam and has garnered nation wide support through with(predicate) the stick outings of Native Americans and Non-Native American constitutions in advocating an end to the use of the term redskin which constitutes a racial slur and is disparaging, derogatory, demeaning, and offensive to Native Americans. According to the United States family of Representatives website, documented in a letter to Members of Congress, the bailiwick Congress of American Indians (NCAI) which is the oldest, largest and most representative American Indian and Alaska Native organization serving tribal governments and communities recently statedThis legislation will accomplish what Native American people, nations, and organizations deem tried to do in the courts for almost 20 years end the racist epithet that has served as the name of chapiters pro football franchise for far too long.The Tulsa Indian Coalition Against racialism (TICAR) asserts that the R-word is hurtful and injurious to our youth, as well as the entire Native American population. Accordingly, the Native American Finance Officers Association (NAFOA) affirms The term has never been refreshing in the Native community and causes harm to the collective self-esteem and status of American Indians in the larger society. . . What should be viewed as a national perplexity has somehow turned into acelebrated namesake for a national sport?Further, the American Indian Movement West (AIM-WEST) sustains thatOur organization supports the goal of ridding the sports world of the disparaging name of the majuscule pro football franchise. There is no question that this is a racist term that causes harm and injury, whether or not it is intended to do so, and must not be to lerated in decent society.As well as, the United South and Eastern Tribes, Inc. (USET) expressesOvercoming the social challenges resulting from industry branding and media exposure has taken generations for other groups. Native communities are on a similar journey. In our work to protect and promote our sovereignty rights at all levels, existing stereotypes, bigotry, and racist views about our people often clear in the way of progress. This legislation will assist Tribes in promoting an understanding of American Indian culture, positive images of Indian Country, the effects of historic trauma, and the modern-day successes and challenges Tribes face as we seek to improve the standard of living within our communities.In addition to the above organizations, there are 50 other organizations that gain either pledged their support for this bill or rejected the use of the term Redskin, among them are the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, the Comanche Nation of Oklahoma, the Oneida Indian Tri be of Wisconsin, the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma, the National Indian Youth Council, the National Indian Child Welfare Association, the American Indian Higher Education Consortium, the National Indian Education Association, the National American Indian House Council as well as a long laundry list of other notable organizations.Second, the stereotypical Indian images in American pop culture known as Tribalism, as Ruth Hopkins, a columnist for the Indian Country Today Media interlocking concedes as a mainstream trend largely based on false, stereotypical notions of who indigenous people are has become a pop culture phenomenon. Among those are celebutantes, pop princesses and hipsterwannabes have been wearing obtrusive, exaggerated war hats and headdresses, wearing war paint, and scaming dress up in Native American elysian costumes in record numbers. She goes on to illustrate that the perpetuation of stereotypical images of Native peoples is unacceptable and discriminatory for a pl ethora of reasons. (Hopkins)Clearly, Non-natives who wear American Indian costumes are pretending to be someone of another race. Those who play dress up by wearing an American Indian costume, headdress or war lens hood are not only failing to acknowledge the existence of over 500 recognized Native nations, each separate and distinct from one another, they are making light of centuries of suffering, oppression and massacre endured by the indigenous people of this country. Enforcing racial stereotypes of Native peoples as savages in characterless feathers and fringe also perpetuates the figment that American Indians are not active members of modern society and casts them aside to make them feel further disrespected and unworthy as a depleted and mazed society. (Hopkins)Actually, not all American Indian tribes include war bonnets or headdresses as part of their tralatitious insignia. Of those who do, headdresses and war bonnets were worn by men, and have naught to do with fashion or the sexual objectification of women. Hopkins expresses that each eagle feather contained in a war bonnet is individually earned, often bestowed upon the owner through ceremony, and represents a significant event or acknowledged act of bravery, leadership, or self-sacrifice. Much less, powerful, respected American Indian men with a history of valour who are leaders in their Tribal community specifically wear war bonnets. In other words, the only people who should be wearing war bonnets are chiefs or well respected warriors, such as Tatanka Iyotanka or Chief Sitting Bull of the Hunkpapa Lakota not these so-called reality stars such as Chloe Kardashian, or the pop star Ke$ha. Its sad and pathetic that such an inconsiderate display would be similar to the wearing of a war bonnet by someone who hasnt earned it. (Hopkins)Because many people have such a limited knowledge of Indians, Native Americans are arguably, among the most misunderstood ethnic groups in the United States. Native A mericans are also among the most isolated groups. What people know is limited by their sources of culture and,unfortunately, much of the information about Indians is derived from popular culture. Stereotyping is a poor substitute for getting to know individuals at a more intimate, meaningful level. By relying on stereotypes to describe Native Americans, whites come to believe that Indians are drunks, get free money from the government, and are made wealthy from casino revenue. Or they may believe that Indians are at one with nature, deeply religious, and wise in the ways of spirituality.Indeed, American mainstream media have always tended to distort Native American images. In a research conducted by Liu & Zhang on the representation of Native Americans in pop culture, the film Dances with Wolves the radio and TV Western, The Lone Ranger and the novel, by Fenimore Cooper, The Last of the Mohicans, are just a handful of TV shows ad movies that present negative or romanticized images of American Indians, either nasty or cruel, or subservient and short, but all disappearing. For instance, the fictional Indian images on TV and in the Hollywood films influence the identity formation of individual Native Americans. Consequently, Hollywood and TV have created simulated Indians and have played and replayed these images so many times that the Indian viewers take them as real. These romantic and stoic characters hardly speak in the films nor do they get heard. Especially, Liu & Zhang point out the discrepancies that in Hollywood films and TV plays, Indians are paid to die, to fall off the horse, to confirm the Vanishing Noble Savage stereotype, so endings are important. Further propagating that these stereotypical images can be seen in the westerns movies and even in some cartoons such as Peter Pan.Moreover, other stereotypical images showed them with painted faces smoking slumber pipes, dancing around a totem pole (at times with a captive tied to it), sending up smok e signals, wearing feathered head pieces, scalping the heads of their enemies and eternally chanting the word um promotes a damaging misconception and negative inferences towards Native Americans. With regards to discrimination, when the highly popular Twilight series received the Hollywood treatment, Taylor Lautner played the Native American character Jacob Black and his casting became steeped in controversy. As Dow points out that Lautners presence seemed out of sync with Hollywoods recent pro-Indian stance. Lautner claimed to have observe his Indianancestry after being cast. Actions corresponding this show film producers hesitance to hire an actor in spite of the characters ethnicity. writhe Mora, an actor who resides in California, who plays a Native American in Twilight disagrees with the casting of Taylor There is plenty of Native talent in town (Hollywood) to play that role.Furthermore, she yields that the movie could be applauded for representing Natives as more than sim ply a dying race, instead appearing onscreen as people with their own unique personalities. For some younger viewers this may be their first contact with Native American culture, so acknowledging Indians as Americans on screen was an achievement on the part of Hollywood. In addition, the summer release of X-men Origins Wolverine in 2009 and the highly popular character Silver Fox made her first onscreen appearance in the movie series. In the original comics, Silver Fox is described as a Native Canadian Black Foot. The character is to be played by Caucasian actress Lynn Collins, and the close to cast a white actress has upset many fans of the comics. Hollywood producers have also decided to change her name to the more American-sounding Kayla Silverfox. Clearly, not only does Hollywood still find it tall(prenominal) to include a Native American in a blockbuster, but also they even refuse to leave the traditional ethnic names intact. (Dow) Whereas names, images, and mascots that sym bolize Native Americans are used extensively in the United States, particularly in sports and advertising.In sports there are the upper-case letter Redskins football team, the battle of Atlanta Braves and Cleveland Indians baseball teams, and the Chicago Blackhawks hockey team. Fans of the Atlanta Braves use the tomahawk chop accompanied by a chant to intimidate tour teams, while the Cleveland Indians use the mascot Chief Wahoo and the University of Illinois uses the mascot Chief Illiniwek. As a result, Native Americans across the country have been protesting the use of their symbols and heritage in sports arenas for over a decade. Most particular in the realm of professional sports, these protests have not generated significant changes in attitudes and practices. As an illustration, Hatfield designates that logos used by the Washington football team and the Cleveland and Atlanta baseball teams are offensive for many reasons, as are the logos formerly used by Dartmouth College and the University of Illinois. (They are no longer used because the NCAA banned teams with racist names and mascots from post-season play.)He implies thatthese logos appropriate the identities of Native Americans, many of whose languages and cultures have been destroyed by Euro-Americans. They take holy religious symbols from Native American cultures eagle feathers, face paint, and peace pipes belittle them, and exploit them for the commercial and entertainment purposes of Americans. And they perpetuate outdated, demeaning stereotypes of Native Americans that make it difficult for Native Americans to represent themselves as part of contemporary American society.Be that as it may, these logos reduce Native Americans to savages, to defeated enemies who have been erased from todays world. Indian mascots objectify and commercialize Native Americans and their cultures. Cigar store Indians were used as advertisements to sell tobacco. Urban Outfitters used Navajo patterns to sell clothes, at least until lawyers representing the Navajo Nation filed causal agent against them and won an injunction forcing them to stop. (Hatfield) Other nicknames of professional and college teams, such as Indians, Braves, Chiefs, and Seminoles may not in themselves be offensive. However, the portrayal of these words is often very demeaning. For example, the 1995 populace Series, the Cleveland Indians and the Atlanta Braves, with Chief Wahoo as the mascot for the Cleveland team and the tomahawk chop exemplified by fans of the Atlanta team, portrayed Native Americans in an extremely degrading manner. Suzan Shown Harjo, managing director of the Morning mastermind Institute, says that this portrayal of Native Americans is racist, derogatory, demeaning, pejorative, offensive and ignorant at best. On the other hand, Dr. Cornel Pewewardy, a visiting scholar in the division of Education at Cameron University, has written extensively about the struggle of un erudition Indian Stereotypes for both Native Americans and non-Native Americans as learned from the demeaning public portrayal of the American Indian through mascots, the movie, Pocahontas, and the tomahawk chop. Being that there are 62 high schools that use the name Redskins, the term has vanished from the collegiate landscape. According to Capital news show Service, the last two colleges that used Redskins changed the name in the late 1990s. Miami University of Ohio changed from the Redskins to RedHawks in 1997 and the Southern Nazarene Crimson Storm dropped the name in 1999. If the two universities had not changed their name by 2006, they would have been unable to play in the postseason under a NCAA policy adopted in 2005 that bans the use of NativeAmerican mascots by sports teams during its tournaments. The postseason ban convinced colleges with mascots like Braves, Indians and Savages to become the Red Wolves, War Hawks, Mustangs or Savage Storm. In view of the fact, the CNS denotes that the policy made an e xception for teams that have the consent of local Native American tribes like the Florida State University Seminoles. At the high school level, there is no single national sports organization like the NCAA to pressure schools to abandon Native American mascots. But officials in a growing number of states are taking similar steps as the NCAA to deplume schools to change. Wisconsin passed in 2010 the nations first state law banning public schools from using Native American names, mascots and logos. It left exceptions for schools that had the approval of local Native American tribes. In 2012, the Oregon State Board of Education issued a ruling banning all Native American team names, mascots and logos. Affected schools must comply by 2017 or risk losing state funding.Alternatively, according to Munson, Indian logos and nicknames create, support and maintain stereotypes of a race of people. She asserts that when one or many of societys institutions support such cultural abuse, it consti tutes institutional racism. Further, the logos, along with other societal abuses and stereotypes separate, marginalize, confuse, intimidate and harm Native American children. They create barriers to their learning throughout their school experience. Additionally, the logos teach non-Native American children that its all right to participate in culturally abusive behavior. Children spend a bully deal of their time in school, and schools have a significant impact on their emotional, spiritual, physical and intellectual development. As long as such logos remain, both Native American and non-Native American children are learning to tolerate racism in our school. Understanding the history of Native Americans is important to understanding why this is such a controversial topic.The Native American community for 50 years has worked to banish images and names like Chief Wahoo, Washington Redskins, Kansas City Chiefs and the Atlanta Braves. It is important to remind people of the cognizant u se of the symbols resemblance to other historic, racist images of the past. She adds that Native Americans struggled to survive in harsh situations. The support of these mascots onlybrings back memories of their ancestors and the suffering and pain they went through for their children and grandchildren. The debate is about more than sports teams and what they call themselves it is about how Americans treat one another. It is about the respect that different ethnic groups have for those different than themselves in terms of history, physical characteristics, values, and most importantly, emotions. (Munson)In essence, I have came to the conclusion that the Washington Redskins were originally known as the Newark Tornadoes and then the capital of pileachusetts Braves. Most accounts can agree that team owner George Preston Marshall changed the franchise name from the Boston Braves to the Boston Redskins in 1933 to recognize then coach, William Lone Star Dietz. Dietz, who claimed half-Ge rman, half-Sioux background, embraced what he perceived to be a Native American heritage. So, since many Native Americans are outraged about the symbolization of Native Americans in sports and advertising, and since society would not tolerate equivalent symbols of other minorities, it is clear that Native Americans are discriminated against, regardless of how others may feel about the matterand that their civil rights are violated by such racial discrimination. These are important reasons for eradicating the use of Native American names in sports, advertising, and elsewhere.Consequently, Native American organizations such as the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) are making a strong push through legal action in a bid to force the Washington Redskins to change their name. Most notable of these cases are Pro Football vs. Harjo and Blackhorse v. Pro-Football, Inc. that have made strong efforts in the fight against the discrimination of Native Americans.Works CitedHatfield, D olph L. The Stereotyping of Native Americans. The Humanist Sept. 2000 43. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 15 July 2013.Washington, d.c.members of congress urge snyder and the national football league to change the washington teams name. (2013, May 28). Retrieved from http//www.house.gov/apps/list/press/as00_faleomavaega/eniredskins.htmlMiller, Jackson B. Indians, Braves, And Redskins A Performative StruggleFor Control Of An Image. Quarterly Journal Of Speech 85.2 (1999) 188. Academic Search Premier. Web. 15 July 2013.Soong, Kelyn. The Other Redskins. . Capital News Service. Web. 15 Jul 2013. .Koch, Ronald P. Dress Clothing of the Plains Indians. University of Oklahoma Press, 1977. Examination of the design and construction of Plains Indian formal www.minnesotahumanities.org/Teachers/3-04plains.htmHopkins, Ruth. Indian Country Today Media Network.Tribalism as Pop Culture Phenomenon and the lengthiness of Offensive American Indian Stereotypes. N.p., 19 Aug 2011. Web. 14 Jul 201 3. .Liu, Kedong, and Hui Zhang. Self- and Counter-Representations of Native Americans Stereotypical Images of and New Images by Native Americans in Popular Media. Harbin Institute of Technology, China, n.d. Web. 15 Jul 2013. .Dow, Madeline. Race, Gender, and Mass Media Blog.Native American Portrayal in Cinema. N.p., 06 Nov 2012. Web. 14 Jul. 2013. .Munson, Barabara. Common Themes and Questions About the Use of Indian Logos. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jul 2013. .

History of Western Society Ch 13 Outline

History of Western Society Sixth Edition Chapter 13 Outline I. The Evolution of the Italian reincarnation A. scotchal growth laid the material basis 1. Cultural achievements of the fourteenth to 16th centuries 2. Northern Italian cities led the way 3. Advances in ship construction greatly increased the volume of goods that could be transported improvements in the mechanics of sailing accelerated speed 4. Italian renaissance appeared in Florence 5. The economic foundations of Florence was so strong that nevertheless severe crisis could not destroy the city 6.Driving enterprise, technical know-how, and competitive spirit saw Florence through the difficult economic period of the late 14th ampere-second B. Communes and Republics 1. The Northern Italian cities were communes, sworn associations 2. Groups tied by blood, economic interests, and social connections 3. A properly qualification, stratums of residence within the city, and social connections 4. In the fifteenth century, polit ical power and elite culture entered on the princely courts of despots and oligarchs C. The Balance of Power Among the Italian City States 1. Passionate attachment to their individual city states . The acres of Naples had long been disputed by the Aragonese and by the French. 3. In the peace treaty signed at Lodi in 1454, Venice received territories in return for recognizing Sforzas mature to the duchy 4. Renaissance Italians invented the machinery of modern diplomacy 5. In a number of fiery sermons mingled with 1491 and 1494, Savonarola attacked what he considered the paganism and moral vice of the city 6. The invasion of Italy in 1494 by the French king Charles VIII 7. In 1508 his cousin and heir, Louis XII, formed the league of Cambrai II. Intellectual Hallmarks of the RenaissanceA. The Renaissance was characterized by self-conscious awareness among the 14th and 15th century Italians 1. Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) considered the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to r epresent the peak in the developments of human civilization 2. The Renaissance manifested itself in a brisk attitude toward men, women, and the founding B. Individualism 1. Middle Ages had seen the appearance of remarkable individuals 2. Large literature with the nature of individuality emerged, represented the flowering of distinctly Renaissance identity C. Humanism 1.Humanism emphasized human beings, their achievements, interests, and capabilities 2. Renaissance humanists approached the classics differently D. Secular Spirit 1. Secularism involves a basic concern with the material world instead of with the eternal world of spirit 2. Humanist Lorenzo Valla (1406-1457) defends the pleasures of the senses as the highest good 3. Papal interests, which were far removed from spiritual concerns, fostered, rather than discouraged, the new worldly attitude III. Art and the Artist A. The example matter of art through the early 15th century as in the Middle Agrs, remained overwhelmingly r eligious 1.In the 14th and 15th centuries, a large, in an elaborate way carved wooden bed, a chest, and perhaps a bench served as its sole decorations 2. Florentine Masaccio (1401-1428) inspired a new way of life, realism, the new international style B. The Status of the Artist 1. The Renaissance artist was considered a free intellectual worker 2. The social status of the artist of genius was immortally secured IV. Social Change A. The Renaissance changed many aspects of Italian, and subsequently atomic number 63an, society 1. Renaissance culture witnessed a shift in the status and experience of women B. Education and Political Thought . One of the primeval preoccupations of the humanists was education and moral behavior 2. In the 16th and 17th centuries, The Courtier was astray read 3. No Renaissance book on any topic, however, has been more widely read and studied in all centuries since its publication (1513) C. The Printed Word 1. By the middle of the 15th century, paper was no problem 2. Gutenbergs Bible of 1456, movable type had brought about radical changes 3. Since books and other printed materials were read aloud to il literate person listeners, print bridged the gap between written and oral cultures D. Clocks . The English battle cry quantification was first used in 1840 2. Mechanical clocks, usually installed on the cathedial or town church, were in general use in Germany by the 1330s, in England by the 1370s, and in France by the 1380s 3. The status of upper-class women declined, in terms of the kind of work they performed 4. Laura Cereta (1469-1499) illustrates the successes and failures od educated Renaissance women 5. Women, of course, continued to perform economic functions 6. In the years 1338- 1358, rape was not considered a serious crime against either the victim or society 7.In the 11th century, William the Conqueror had decreed that rapists be castrated E. Gender and Culture 1. The term homosexuality was coined only in 1892 2. On April 17th, 1432, the Florentine government set up a special magistracy, the office of the Night F. Blacks 1. The beginning in the 15th century, sizable numbers of black slaves entered Europe 2. In 1491 Isabella of Este, duchess of Mantua, instructed her agent to secure a black girl between four and eight years old V. The Renaissance in the North A. Last quarter of the 15th century, Italian Renaissance thoughts inspired northern Europe 1.There More found the time to write Utopia (1516), which presents a revolutionary view of society. 2. Francois Rabelais (1490? -1553) possess a distinctly secular flavor and have attracted broad readership among the literate public 3. Many of Boschs paintings reflect the confusion, and anguish often associated with the end of the Middle Ages VI. Politics and the State in the Renaissance (CA 1450-1521) A. Louis XI, Henry VII, and Ferdinand and Isabella in Spain had been label as new monarchs B. France 1. In 1438 Charles published the Pragmatic Sanction o f Bourges 2.In 1516 the new treaty, the Concordat of Bologna, approved the popes right to receive the first years income of new bishops and abbots C. England 1. Between 1455 and 1471, adherents of the ducal houses of York and Lancaster waged civil war, the Wars of Roses 2. The council dealt with real or potential aristocratic threats through a judicial offshoot, the court of Star sleeping accommodation D. Spain 1. The centuries-long Reconquista- the wars of the northern Christian kingdoms to control the entire peninsula 2. In the administration of Castile, New Christians held the royal secretary ship

Mgt 4045

Explain the rationale for the global harmonization of fiscal reporting and disclosure requirements. -Make the financial instruction more compar qualified across the global market so investors can invest their capital in more efficient comparable. 2. Identify two groups that be exerting pressure for pursuing global harmonization. How do these two groups stand to benefit from harmonization? -Investors be concerned with the reliability and comparability of sinacial statement in countries separate than theirs.They favor this because it go forth help lower cost of investing in countries aboard and enhance the effectiveness of investment decisions. Multinational companies want global harmonization because of the increase in international diversity of manufacturing and sales. The fact that all accounting practices are not compatible means that they devote more resources to prepare and unify there financial statements. 3. What are the main obstacles to global accounting harmonization? In your opinion, are these obstacles likely to be overcome in the near future? The main obstacles are due to economics and politics. I hypothecate it will be a very slow and hard process to invoke in the near future because of everyone sensitivity and pride of there own countries.The polices would have to come from a super national organization and combine principals of many antithetic countries. 4. What is the role of each of the following supra-national organizations? a. International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) -Developed as a parent entity of the IASB, it is an independent standardiseds setter that assumes accounting standards setting responsibilities from IASC. . International union of Accountants (IFAC) -Organizational accounting organization that represents accountants employed in public practices, and the primary activity is to serve public interests and to facilitate cooperation among members. c. International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) -Know n as the international standard setters for securities market, it promote high standards of regulation for sounds markets, and establishes standard and effective surveillance of international securities to name a few objectives. d.Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) -Rich mans club, comprised of 30 countries that produce 2/3 of the worlds goods and services in were all countries are committed to a market economy and pluralistic democracy, that provided governments with a setting to discuss, develop, and stainless economic an d social policies. 5. The FASB has described their purpose to transition to IFRS as an improve and adopt approach. What are the two parts of this improve and adopt proposal? Why does the FASB support this approach? First, the improve and adopt plan will require a joint effort by FASB and IASB to develop and improve standards in the areas that will benefit financial statements users universally. Secondly, a gradual approach transition to IFRS will reduce the disruptions that might occur from an abrupt switch. -Third, this approach allows other infrastructures elements to improve and converge while IFRS and improved and mandated. Finally, this approach avoids the added cost and complexity of dealing with two accounting systems. 6.What is the current plan for joint projects between the FASB and IASB? What is your assessment of the erudition of this plan? -The current plan between the joint projects is on a modified strategy and a delayed timeline for several of their convergence project extensive till the end of 2011. Even thought that are delayed it is said that it will not negatively impact the SECs timeline. I think it is a good idea to have a longer period of time to implement these joint projects because it gives the stakeholders more time to express there input. 7.The PWC word identifies eleven (11) joint projects currently underway (i. e. , financial instruments, revenue recognition, leases, etc. ). Selec t three of these joint projects to consider in depth. For the three projects you have selected -Financial Instruments- The issues with the financial instruments used to cause an inconsistent way of reporting value, revenue and other forms of financial informations that could misleading investors. The joint project it to bring slay these financial instruments together to make it easier to understand.To bring convergence there is a need for multiple new a more useful approaches like, recognizing losses before and recognizing credit impairments when not thought to collect. -Revenue recognition- Revenue recognition currently recognizes revenue when the customer signs into an agreement and values the price of fulfillment as being a fixed value. The new joint project would require the recognition of a contract come after the contract is fulfilled and not be able to keep the value as fixed.Another important aspect of the proposal is to establish principles to promote comparability among similar contracts. -Leases- -Consolidation- Under the ne joint projects, many of the companies will still be able to consider certain investment companies under the U. S. GAAP are likely to continue to meet qualifications under the new definition, except some may not. The one major change will be defining if the company has control over the investment company and how that will be determined. a. Provide a brief overview of the issue. b. Explain why it is important. c.Describe what needs to be done to bring about convergence. 8. The authors of the last article, Paul Miller and Paul Bahnson, are not proponents of international uniformity of accounting standards. Identify three reasons they are against it (they provide more than three). Do you agree? -He entrusts that uniformity is not comparable, it kills innovation, and doesnt believe IFRS is uniformed. I do agree with him in some aspects because uniformity across a global market, while a very noble goal, is almost unsurmountable t o achieve and could result in so many problems.

Disadvantages of mobile phones Essay

It was the worst morning ever. when Carl woke up ,he realized that he did do his astronomy and chemistry household work .also ,the forecast called for rain and that would affect baseball practice .suddenly ,his mother yelled ,take bug out the scraps right now When Carl returned from taking the garbage outside, he was all wet. What a terrible day,he said. He walked up to class .he put his umbrella on the shelf and sat in the third gear row but the teacher asked why carls umbrella was on the floor he told her not to blame him. But she sent him to the principle out of spite. Next, he took a geography demonstrate. Despite studying, Carl didnt know the answers .he started drawing lightly on his paper Carl drew a huge dinosaur .what if it were real? He saw it in his mind .Carls class said he was a genius for having a dinosaur. It could interfere with math class, too Soon, Carls fame speared done school. He thought his dinosaur to be very gentle and put it on exhibit. But admission wo uld only be given to those classmates who paid him a recompense .his idea was super.Ittime to turn in your test,the teacher said .Carl looked at his paper .as he dreaming in class, he hadnt finished the testOur visionCreating an excellent city that provides the essence of success and comfort of sustainable livingOur missionWorking to plan ,design ,build and manage the municipal infrastructure ,facilities and profit through the appropriate investment in our human and other resources maintaining the sustainable development

Toyota Case Analysis

IDENTIFICATION According to our analysis, Toyota is lacking incarnate identity in its host country. Toyota is experiencing difficulty bridging the gap amidst its Nipponese collectivist conclusion and the individualist culture of the United States in regards to its marketing strategy. ANALYSIS Toyotas key challenge is the fact that it is lacking an overall consider in the minds of its consumers. Their consumers check up on them as a product rather than a company. For instance, the CEO has concluded, no one knows who Toyota is, that it is a faceless organization and doesnt have a gracious element in the eyes of the consumer. This shows that its corporate identity is not currently designed to reflect the companys leading position in equipment casualty of technology and image. Toyotas second obstacle involves ontogeny this corporate identity without diverting from its Japanese collectivist culture. This culture encourages conformity and group cohesion, while it discourages indep endently standing out rather they are more uniform and homogeneous in nature. As such, defining your authentic self and broadcasting it tends to put the Japanese at risk of being separate from, rather than part of the group, which is where the challenge lies.The CEO wants its entire company, the heroes, to represent the face of the company, not just one exclusive person serving as a representative, as the American individualist culture would. However, the consumers Toyota wants to target in its host country practice individualism, while Toyota is victimisation strategies from its collectivist culture. In turn this causes a conflict in the marketing strategy. RECOMMENDATION The following action steps will address the lack of corporate identity that Toyota is facing while keeping the bodied Japanese culture within the company 1.Hire a marketing team with knowledge of cross cultures between Japan and the United States. This team will research and identify the target audience, help t o identify the final theme, develop the budget according to media outlets and scheduling, and finally, execute the better marketing plan (Advertising Campaigns Meaning and its Process). 2. The marketing campaign will focus on developing the heroes of the Toyota Way as a marketing investment. Toyota is a collective company and so this campaign will brand the company as a whole without becoming individualistic like the culture of the United States.In developing this campaign Toyota will need to put their heroes out front over and over again. An example of changing faces as Toyota is planning can be seen with Chryslers imposture Ram. Chrysler has been changing their image from being hard nose and tough to family and military friendly (Snavely, 2013). 3. The marketing team will determine a time string for the change in image. With the initiation of the time line, there should be six months to develop and begin running the campaign. Toyota will run the campaign for a minimum of one y ear with a more realistic time frame of three years.If you look at Chrysler, they have been running the campaign to change their image for two years and are still running. Chrysler has made a huge leap with the recent Farmer ad moving them to the softer side of their image (Scullio, 2013). flora Cited Advertising Campaigns Meaning and its Process. n. d. February 2013. . Snavely, Brent. Fresh Marketing Eyes. Winnipeg Free Press A. 1. 2013. Print. Sciullo, Maria. Super Bowl Ad Glorifying Farmers a Hit. McClatchy Tribune Business NewsFeb 05 2013. ABI/INFORM Complete. Web. 26 Feb. 2013 .

Family and Indigenous Languages Essay

EXPOSITORY ESSAYTHE NEED TO PROMISE THE STUDY OF INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE IN NIGERIAIt is a pity that Nigerias indigenous languages arrest been relegated to the backdrop over the years. Nigerian students are taught in English Language which is also regarded as the lingua franca of the country. This is non good enough. Though Nigeria has several indigenous languages, in that location is need to promote the regard of these indigenous languages. This is why the Federal Ministry of Education made it compulsory for e really student to study at least maven Nigerian language at the Senior Secondary School level.Even during the tenure of Professor Babs Fafunwa as the ministry of education, it was canvassed that indigenous languages should be used to teach primary feather school students. Languages are associated with gardening and tradition of the people. Therefore, the adoption of a nonher peoples language as a medium of communication in Nigeria indicates that we stir relegated our own culture and tradition to the background. This may also connote that we have not as a country thrown away e very(prenominal) token of colonization. Indigenous languages, if promote can be the unifying factor in Nigeria. They promote peaceful co-existence and tolerance among the Nigeria people who will have a sense of be largeing in the country. In addition, indigenous languages also promote understanding and appreciation of our own culture and tradition. Why do we have to promote the culture of a foreign country at the expense of our own? The promotion and study of indigenous languages will also give us national identity.A language is always associated with a nation. So, if we promote and study our own indigenous languages, the world will identify us with these indigenous languages. There are a lot of benefits to gain from promoting our indigenous languages. The lingua franca which we have been clamouring for over the years will ultimately emerge if we can promote the study of th ese indigenous languages. Furthermore, the study of these languages will enable our children to be conversant with mother tongues since thoughts and language can hardly be separated. Finally, it is an established fact that a leaner head start thinks in the language of his environment and this process of thinking enriches his experience about his immediate environment and culture. Hence, a thorough foundation essential be laid in the study of our indigenous languages in the country.ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYNIGERIA NEXT PRESIDENT SHOULD BE A WOMANGood day, Mr. Chairman, panel of judges, co-debators, ladies and gentlemen and my most attentive audience. My look up is Oluwole Oludayo. I am here to support the motion which states that Nigerias next president should be a woman. 2015, it is expected that a new noncombatant president will emerge to direct the affairs of the country. The presidential candidates for each of the parties have been nominated but there is one thing that I am sure mo st of us have not noticed all candidates are men Some clocks, I sit down and wonder why we cannot have at least a woman among the presidential candidates since we got independence in 1960, no woman has been given the chance to contest the presidential election and I think that our great nation is making a mistake. First and foremost, if Nigeria has a woman as her president, there are so many advantages and benefits that we can enjoy. unitary of such benefits is that a woman president can be more honest than men.When we have an honest president, then we can begin to think of stinting growth. Furthermore, we all know the popular saying which goes thus what a man can do, a woman can do better. Indeed, this saying is line up because women have proved to be better leaders than men. For instance look at the famous Magaret Thatcher. She is a woman of virtue, discipline and honour. She has proved that women can in fact excel in a man world. In addition to this, if Nigeria next president i s a woman, she would be upright, disciplined and very firm she would have that she is in a man world and that she is facing many challenges in which she cannot afford to fail because she wants to prove a point. Therefore, this will make her work very hard and to be firm in decision-taking, she will not bend for anybody. If we have a president who is very firm, bribery and corruption will be curbed. Similarly, there will be less(prenominal) chances of waging war.The country under the rule of a woman will be at peace with her neighbours. Instead of red ink to war, a woman will easily negotiate for peace and she will also make sure that she is always at peace with the citizens of the country. I must also state that women are usually compassionate by nature, although they can be firm. If Nigeria has a female president, she would feel strongly for the little children, the poor, the widow and the less privilege who beg by the road sides. Also, those people who do not have clothing and s helter will be taken care of. Finally, I must say that if Nigerians elect a female president, it will be a great turning point in the history of the country. It will also be an honour to have a Nigerias first woman president. Therefore, ladies and gentlemen, I am of the candid view that if Nigerians can give women a chance, I am sure that they will not regret it.NARRATIVE ESSAYTHE SHAME THAT REFUSES TO GOWhen I was fourteen years old, I was sent from my colony to live with my child who had just got married. My child had complained about the need to have house help afterward having her first born. With the permission of my parents, I went to live with my sister and her husband in Lagos. Immediately I got to Lagos, I was registered in a school very near our house. My sister was a business woman who exchange ladies shoes and bags while her husband was a civil servant. My sister regularly travelled to the eastern part of the country to buy her wares. In most times, I would be alon e in the house with her husband and baby. After living with them for four years, I noticed a change in the attitude of my sisters husband towards me.He was unnecessarily lavishing his care on me, buying me dresses and gifts. Several times, he bought new clothes for me and whenever he did this, he would instruct me not to tell my sister. One day, while my sister was away to Onitsha on a business trip, her husband called me and instructed me to cook rice and dodo in the evening and that I should not go to bed until he came back at wickedness. I did as he instructed me and I struggled to stay awake until he came back almost 10.30pm. When he came back, he asked me to serve the rice and dodo in one plate and that we were going to eat together. I told him that I had eaten but he insisted that I would eat with him on the same table. He further told me that he shaftd me and that all the beautiful dresses and gifts he had bought for me were mine if I would allow him to make love to me.My e xcuse that he should realise that he was my sister husband fell on deaf ears. To cut the long story short, we made love that night and that was the beginning of the several love bouts we had. After a year of having this secret love affair with my sisters husband, I got expectant. When I told him that I was pregnant for him he, he told me to make it a secret forever if could not agree to abort it. I was afraid to commit abortion and it did not take long out front I was found out by my sister. She forced me to tell her who was responsible for my pregnancy. In her annoyance, she sent me back to my parents in the village, divorced her husband and swore to let go me as her sister. I later got married and I had to live with my first child whom I had for my sisters husbands house.My husband did not know that Ade was my first child until somebody told him the whole story of my life. He muddled all the confidence in me and since then things have not been the way it used to be. He couldnt love me as he used to and so I have had to live with this stigma for the rest of my life.descriptive ESSAYTHE LOCAL FESTIVAL IN MY VILLAGEThe arrival of civilization and western culture has made us to forget our cultural past. Our heritage has been lost and traded off for the western ways. Those cultural heritages which had delighted our fore-fathers are looked down upon by youths who regard these heritages as old fashioned and anachronistic. I must confess that I did share this opinion with my peers but I have to give it another thought when I was privileged to accompany my parents to our village to witness a topical anesthetic festival. The festival is usually celebrated every first Saturday of September in my village, Obong. Every year the indigenes travel from far and near to convene at Obudu grocery store square, the venue of the annual new year festival.The origin of this festival goes as far back as when the first group of settlers fled to the plateau for safety and resol ute to dwell there. I can recollect vividly what my grandfather told me about the first festival when the settlers had their first new yam harvested. Tradition has it that the very first celebration was held at the summit of the Obudu Plateau. The joy and happiness shared among the people was enough to pull the heavens down according to my grandmother. Ever since, the celebration has taken the same pattern. Last year, the new yam festival which I witnessed began on Thursday. The day preceding that Thursday, all men in the village woke up very early in the morning and left for their farms. They returned in the evening with their children compriseing large tubers of yam on their hands. I joined the village children to carry the tubers which we dropped at the merchandise square. In the evening, the men gathered after taking their bath to discuss over a gourd of freshly-tapped palm wine.Their discussion took them into the far night before they went to sleep in their various homes. Ver y early the next day, the women started peeling the yams for cooking. They brought all ingredients together for the cooking while the young men prepared themselves to carry masquerades. The girls, like myself were not allowed to cook but we helped the women in cooking the food. Saturday finally arrived and the festival was scheduled to begin at noon. As early as 7.00am on that day, the women were up again to add finishing touches to their cooking and finally they pounded the yams.The real festival began with the arrival of the Usu, the chief who was followed by the masquerades. The young girls like myself dressed beautifully with the jigida beads around our waists. We danced to entertain the Usu and his chiefs who occasionally waved their locally made fans. Then the food was served and there was more than enough to go around. Everybody ate to his or her satisfaction. Finally, after all the dancing, singing and eating, the festival came to an end in the early hours of Sunday morning. I could say that this festival is of great importance to the Obudu people because it is the only time of the year when all indigenes of the village, far and near come together to felicitate. Moreover, the festival gave me a sense of pride that I have a heritage which I can be proud of.

Land of the Aryans: The Persian Culture Essay

Iran is formerly cognise as Persia until 1935. It is a country in Central Eurasia located in the northeastern shore of the Iranian Gulf. Iran is the cognate of the name Aryan, which means Land of the Aryans. Iran is home to one of the worlds oldest continuous study civilizations, with historical and urban settlements dating back to 4000 BC. The Culture of Iran is a mix of ancient pre- Islamic subtlety and Islamic culture.Iranian culture probably originated in Central Asia and is strongly suggested as the predecessor of Iranian culture ca. 2000 BC. Iranian culture has long been a predominant culture of the Middle eastern hemisphere and Central Asia, with Persian considered the language of intellectuals during a good deal of the 2nd millennium, and the language of religion and the populace before that. Persian Philosophy to study Religions The Iranian plateau has contri barelyed ideas and techniques for sixty known centuries which have helped to continue and civilize mankind.Wri ting, numbers, the arts of agriculture and of functional metals, the sciences of astronomy and mathematics, and the beginnings of religious and philosophical thinking these all come from the Near East, and the fountain head of lots of Near Eastern culture was on the Iranian plateau (Nasr & Razavi, 1999, p. 3). The three Wise Men from the East whom at the birth of Jesus brought gold, frankincense and myrrh were probably Zoroastrian priests from Persia.Their gifts symbolized essential beliefs which wee contributed by Zoroastrianism to Christianity, such as the concepts of the Evil One as a positive force the notion of the angels, of the at long last judgment, or paradise, of the resurrection of the dead and of the ultimate victory of good over evil (Pope, Ackerman & Schroeder, 1945, p. 2). There are in any case two separate influential religions that came out of Persia. One is Mithraism, which unsuccessfully competed with Christianity for the first three centuries of our era.And the other is Manichaeism of which St. Augustine was a devotee before he converted to Christianity (Pope, Ackerman & Schroeder, 1945, p. 2). Moreover, according to Pope, Ackerman & Schroeder (1945) Buddhism was also partially influenced by Persian philosophy when Buddha passed through the Far East on its mission of enlightenment. (p. 2) No important religion would now be what it is were the Persian contributions to be taken from it (Nasr & Razavi, 1999, p. ). Persian Pottery Early ancient painted pottery, which had begun in western sandwich Asia by 4000 B. C. , was mans first manuscript for the blueprints, useful though they be as ornament, were much more than that to those who make and used the vessels. Persian potteries were the expressions and evidences of fears and hopes, symbols for evoking supernatural forces to avail in the constantly anxious manage of living (Pope, Ackerman & Schroeder, 1945, p. 7).All of the images in Persian pots symbolize the harmonious relationships of man to nature and the divine aid of a god watching over and guiding them. Metal Arts Western civilizations considered pottery, ceramics or paintings as major work of art. But for Persian and Middle Eastern civilizations, it is the metal works that is considered as the crown of the art works. Bronze is considered as a virtually important medium on metal arts, level(p) comparable to silver and gold in terms of its value, because it is far more durable than the said metals.The fastidious talents of the smiths were preserved and learned for thousand of years for the Persian, and adds to the artistic value of the metal arts (Ghirshman, 1962, p. 12). Simplicity and specialisation were the artistic ideals. Tradition dictated symbolic shapes like the bulls head ewer and other animals to present the vitality of these animals such as lions and birds, believing that it will be passed on the metal arts (Ghirshman, 1962, p. 14) All sorts of handsome objects were fashioned by the Seljuq m etal workers.A mirror back illustrates the famous and much loved story of Bahram Gur and his sweetheart Azada, whom in a rage he was fated to slay. Pictorially it is unimposing as a work of decoration and judged by the modeling of its animals it is superb (Pope, Ackerman & Schroeder, 1945, p. 64). The active figures in the midway evenly and ingeniously fill the space between the cusped arches of the framing zone which, with the intervening spaces, well-nigh forms a reciprocal. Within this are falcons, foxes, and peacocks that repay careful examination.Carpets According to Pope (1931), it is by her carpets that the art of Persia has been most widely known (p120). Their fame has been abroad in the world these many centuries. The most priced Persian carpets are those made for the kings and princes of the Persian society. They are usually made from fabrics and other raw materials especially and exclusively for the royaltys use (Pope, 1931, p. 121). They also commission the best painte rs and architects in town to make a unique and personalize design.The brilliant and sophisticated Persian color sense finds its perfect embodiment in the carpets. Their size permits of a far greater variety of colors than is appropriate in the smaller, lighter textiles or than is possible in a painted page. There is practically no limit to the range of colors the Persian dyers could command, and even so with all this wealth available, the rug designers chose a relatively limited number twelve to fourteen tones is the comely for the great sixteenth century carpets (Pope, 1931, p. 23). The Death of the Persian Culture The decline of the Persian art started in the rise of Europe. Because of various social problems such as societal depression, poverty, Afghan invasion and governmental incompetence are fatal to the preservation and development of the Persian culture. Yet, even if the Persian culture is considered stagnant nowadays, but the Iranian movies and contemporary music and lit erature, the influence and appreciation of humankind on Persian culture evict no longer be disregarded.